@article {51,
	title = {Professional diversity and the productivity of cities},
	journal = {Nature Scientific Reports},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {06/2014},
	chapter = {5393},
	doi = {10.1038/srep05393},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/srep/2014/140623/srep05393/full/srep05393.html},
	author = {Bettencourt, Luis M A and Samaniego, Horacio and Youn, HyeJin}
}
@article {46,
	title = {Range structure analysis unveiling the internal structure of species{\textquoteright} ranges},
	journal = {Theoretical Ecology},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2013},
	month = {2013},
	chapter = {419-426},
	abstract = {Assessing risks of local extinction and shifts in species ranges are fundamental tasks in ecology and conservation. Most studies have focused either on the border of species{\textquoteright} range or on complex spatiotemporal dynamics of populations within the spatial distribution of species. The internal properties of species ranges, however, have received less attention due to a general lack of simple tools. We propose a novel approach within a metapopulation framework to study species ranges based on simple mathematical rules. We formulate and test a model of population fluctuations through space to identify key factors that regulate population density. We propose that spatial variability in species abundance reflects the interaction between temporal variability in population dynamics and the spatial variability of population parameters. This approach, that we call range structure analysis, integrates temporal and spatial properties to diagnose how each parameter contributes to species occupancy throughout its geographic range.},
	keywords = {Metapopulation, Population biology, Range dynamics, Species distribution, Species{\textquoteright} border},
	doi = {10.1007/s12080-013-0177-5},
	author = {Samaniego, Horacio},
	editor = {Marquet, Pablo A}
}
@article {48,
	title = {Social structure in a family group of Guanaco (Lama guanicoe, Ungulate): Is female hierarchy based on {\textquoteleft}prior attributes{\textquoteright} or {\textquoteleft}social dynamics{\textquoteright}?},
	journal = {Behavioural Processes},
	volume = {98},
	year = {2013},
	chapter = {92},
	abstract = {Social life involves costs and benefits mostly associated with how individuals interact with each other. The formation of hierarchies inside social groups has evolved as a common strategy to avoid high costs stemming from social interactions. Hierarchical relationships seem to be associated with different fea- tures such as body size, body condition and/or age, which determine dominance ability ({\textquoteleft}prior attributes{\textquoteright} hypothesis). In contrast, the {\textquoteleft}social dynamic{\textquoteright} hypothesis suggests that an initial social context is a deter- minant in the formation of the hierarchy, more so than specific individual attributes. Hierarchical rank places individuals in higher positions, which presumably increases resource accessibility to their benefit, including opportunities for reproduction. We evaluate the maintenance of hierarchy in a family group of guanacos (Lama guanicoe) and evaluate the possible mechanisms involved in the stability of these interactions and their consequences. We estimate the linearity of social hierarchy and their dynamics. We find evidence of the formation of a highly linear hierarchy among females with males positioned at the bottom of the hierarchy. This hierarchy is not affected by physical characteristics or age, suggesting that it is established only through intra-group interactions. Rank is not related with calves{\textquoteright} weight gain either; however, subordinated females, with lower rank, exhibit higher rates of allosuckling. We found no evidence of hierarchical structure in calves suggesting that hierarchical relationship in guanacos could be established during the formation of the family group. Hence, our results suggest that hierarchical dynam- ics could be related more to social dynamics than to prior attributes. We finally discuss the importance of hierarchies established by dominance and their role in minimizing social costs of interactions.},
	keywords = {Social Complexity},
	author = {Loreto A. Correa and Beatriz Zapata and Samaniego, Horacio and Mauricio Soto-Gamboa}
}
@article {50,
	title = {Unveiling Current Guanaco Distribution in Chile Based upon Niche Structure of Phylogeographic Lineages: Andean Puna to Subpolar Forests},
	journal = {PLoS One},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2013},
	month = {2013},
	chapter = {e78894},
	abstract = {Niche description and differentiation at broad geographic scales have been recent major topics in ecology and evolution. Describing the environmental niche structure of sister taxa with known evolutionary trajectories stands out as a useful exercise in understanding niche requirements. Here we model the environmental niche structure and distribution of the recently resolved phylogeography of guanaco (Lama guanicoe) lineages on the western slope of the southern Andes. Using a maximum entropy framework, field data, and information on climate, topography, human density, and vegetation cover, we identify differences between the two subspecies (L.g.cacsilensis, L.g.guanicoe) and their intermediate-hybrid lineage, that most likely determine the distribution of this species. While aridity seems to be a major factor influencing the distribution at the species-level (annual precipitation <900 mm), we also document important differences in niche specificity for each subspecies, where distribution of Northern lineage is explained mainly by elevation (mean = 3,413 m) and precipitation seasonality (mean = 161 mm), hybrid lineage by annual precipitation (mean = 139 mm), and Southern subspecies by annual precipitation (mean = 553 mm), precipitation seasonality (mean = 21 mm) and grass cover (mean = 8.2\%). Among lineages, we detected low levels of niche overlap: I (Similarity Index) = 0.06 and D (Schoener{\textquoteright}s Similarity Index) = 0.01; and higher levels when comparing Northern and Southern subspecies with hybrids lineage (I = 0.32-0.10 and D = 0.12-0.03, respectively). This suggests that important ecological and/or evolutionary processes are shaping the niche of guanacos in Chile, producing discrepancies when comparing range distribution at the species-level (81,756 km2) with lineages-level (65,321 km2). The subspecies-specific description of niche structure is provided here based upon detailed spatial distribution of the lineages of guanacos in Chile. Such description provides a scientific tool to further develop large scale plans for habitat conservation and preservation of intraspecific genetic variability for this far ranging South American camelid, which inhabits a diversity of ecoregion types from Andean puna to subpolar forests.},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0078894},
	author = {Gonz{\'a}lez, Benito and Samaniego, Horacio and Mar{\'\i}n, Juan Carlos and Estades, Cristi{\'a}n}
}
@article {7,
	title = {Analyzing Taylor{\textquoteright}s Scaling Law: qualitative differences of social and territorial behavior on colonization/extinction dynamics},
	journal = {Population Ecology},
	volume = {54},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {213{\textendash}223},
	abstract = {The power law relation between the mean population count and its variance (Taylor{\textquoteright}s Power Law, TPL) is among the few general patterns in population ecology. While the TPL has been described to be pervasive across taxa, the causes of variation of the exponent describing this relation is not well understood. We compare the TPL exponents for two species with different social systems and behavior: Pion jays (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus) and Western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica). We analyze the underlying processes that generate the expected values of population size and its variance. Using a probabilistic model, we identify and estimate important processes involved in the generation of the TPL exponents. While both species show a scaling relationship between their mean and abundance, share a common negative relation between mean abundance and colonization-extinction rates, they differ greatly in the statistical distributions of colonization, extinction, the mean number of colonists, the probability of zero abundance and population sizes. We show how different aspects of the processes that generate abundance affect the TPL exponent, thereby providing empirical guidelines to interpret differences in the scaling relation between mean and variance of population size.},
	doi = {10.1007/s10144-011-0287-0},
	author = {Samaniego, Horacio and Serandour, Guillaume and Milne, Bruce T.}
}
@article {22,
	title = {Estudio de la Colaboraci{\'o}n Cient{\'\i}fica de la regi{\'o}n de Valpara{\'\i}so de Chile desde la Perspectiva de las Redes Complejas},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Chile, complejidad, complex networks, knowledge spillover, reeds complejas},
	author = {Juan Pablo C{\'a}rdenas and Gast{\'o}n Olivares and Rodrigo Alfaro and F Cabrera and J Gibert and Daniel Goya and Samaniego, Horacio and Adri{\'a}n Palacios}
}
@article {8,
	title = {Insecticide Resistance Mechanisms in the Green Peach Aphid Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) I: A Transcriptomic Survey},
	journal = {Plos One},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {e36366},
	abstract = {Background: Insecticide resistance is one of the best examples of rapid micro-evolution found in nature. Since the development of the first synthetic insecticide in 1939, humans have invested considerable effort to stay ahead of resistance phenotypes that repeatedly develop in insects. Aphids are a group of insects that have become global pests in agriculture and frequently exhibit insecticide resistance. The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, has developed resistance to at least seventy different synthetic compounds, and different insecticide resistance mechanisms have been reported worldwide. Methodology/Principal Findings: To further characterize this resistance, we analyzed genome-wide transcriptional responses in three genotypes of M. persicae, each exhibiting different resistance mechanisms, in response to an anticholinesterase insecticide. The sensitive genotype (exhibiting no resistance mechanism) responded to the insecticide by up-regulating 183 genes primarily ones related to energy metabolism, detoxifying enzymes, proteins of extracellular transport, peptidases and cuticular proteins. The second genotype (resistant through a kdr sodium channel mutation), up-regulated 17 genes coding for detoxifying enzymes, peptidase and cuticular proteins. Finally, a multiply resistant genotype (carrying kdr and a modified acetylcholinesterase), up-regulated only 7 genes, appears not to require induced insecticide detoxification, and instead down-regulated many genes. Conclusions/Significance: This study suggests strongly that insecticide resistance in M. persicae is more complex that has been described, with the participation of a broad array of resistance mechanisms. The sensitive genotype exhibited the highest transcriptional plasticity, accounting for the wide range of potential adaptations to insecticides that this species can evolve. In contrast, the multiply resistant genotype exhibited a low transcriptional plasticity, even for the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in insecticide detoxification. Our results emphasize the value of microarray studies to search for regulated genes in insects, but also highlights the many ways those different genotypes can assemble resistant phenotypes depending on the environmental pressure.},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0036366},
	author = {Silva, Andrea X. and Jander, Georg and Samaniego, Horacio and Ramsey, John S. and Figueroa, Christian C.}
}
@article {30,
	title = {Mammal and butterfly species richness in Chile: taxonomic covariation and history},
	journal = {Revista Chilena de Historia Natural},
	volume = {82},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {135{\textendash}151},
	keywords = {Biodiversidad, Biogeograf{\'\i}a, Chile},
	url = {http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/rchnat/v82n1/art09.pdf},
	author = {Samaniego, Horacio and Marquet, Pablo A}
}
@article {6,
	title = {Cities as Organisms: Allometric Scaling as an Optimization Model to Assess Road Networks in the USA},
	journal = {Journal of Transport and Land Use},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2008},
	url = {https://www.jtlu.org/index.php/jtlu/article/view/29/20},
	author = {Samaniego, Horacio and Moses, Melanie E}
}
@article {9,
	title = {Distribution patterns of flora and fauna in southern chilean coastal rain forests: Integrating natural history and GIS},
	journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {2627{\textendash}2648},
	abstract = {Knowledge of species richness centers is necessary for the design of conservation areas. In this study, we present a GIS analysis of two years of field data on animal and plant diversity distributions in evergreen, coastal rain forests of southern Chile (39 degrees 30{\textquoteright}-41 degrees 25{\textquoteright}S). Despite their high endemism, these forests have remained largely unprotected. Field records were complemented with data from museum collections and scientific literature. We used selected environmental variables (evapotranspiration, altitude) and, in some cases, forest types as predictors of species distributions. Our study focused on the distribution of forest bryophytes, vascular plants, soil invertebrates, amphibians and birds. We generated distributional maps for each taxa based on their field records in the study area, complemented by natural history information, except in the case of bryophytes and soil invertebrates. In general, species richness was lower at 600 m elevation or above for all the taxa studied. Species richness tends to increase in the northern sector of the study area. We observed a greater richness of vascular plants near rivers and streams, and noted important floristic differences between west and east-facing slopes of the Coastal Range, with more species in the oriental side. Because species in high altitude forests are not a subset of those found at lower elevations, we propose that conservation strategies should prioritize the protection of the entire altitudinal gradient of the southern Coastal Range, especially in the more diverse oriental and northern sectors.},
	doi = {10.1007/s10531-006-9073-2},
	author = {Smith-Ramirez, Cecilia and D{\'\i}az, Iv{\'a}n and Pliscoff, Patricio and Valdovinos, Claudio and Mendez, Marco A. and Larrain, Juan and Samaniego, Horacio}
}
@article {23,
	title = {Patterns of small mammal species richness in Mediterranean and Temperate Chile},
	journal = {UC Publications in Zoology},
	volume = {134},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {275{\textendash}302},
	keywords = {Biodiversidad, Biogeograf{\'\i}a, Chile, Ecology},
	author = {Cofr{\'e}, Hern{\'a}n L and Samaniego, Horacio and Marquet, Pablo A}
}
@article {10,
	title = {Ecosystems of the Atacama Desert and adjacent Andean area in northern Chile},
	journal = {Revista Chilena De Historia Natural},
	volume = {71},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {593{\textendash}617},
	abstract = {In this paper we synthesize the information obtained from a research project within the Programa Sectorial Biomas y Climas Terrestres y Marines en el Norte de Chile carried out during two years in the Atacama Desert and adjacent Andean area (Latitude 21 degrees-26 degrees S). We start by providing a climatic context for the study area emphasizing the high variability observed in rainfall and temperature at different spatial and temporal scales. Of great importance is the altitudinal variability in both variables. We continue by characterizing the Lomas, Riparian and Puna ecosystems within the area, in terms of their location, dominant abiotic conditions, component species and representative food webs. in the context of the observed variability in abiotic conditions within the area, we characterize the physiological strategies of two rodent species that enable them to survive in a fluctuating, unpredictable, and harsh environment. In the same context we synthesize the available information on patterns in ecosystem structure, mainly in relation to species diversity and abundance of rodents, birds, insects, and plants. Finally, we characterize the human-environment interaction in the area based on archeological, palynological, and anthropological data. These data allowed us to distinguish several episodes of interaction. As a detailed study case we present the history of human-environment interactions for the locality of Beter.},
	author = {Marquet, Pablo A and Bozinovic, Francisco and Bradshaw, G. A. and Cornelius, Cintia and Gonzalez, H. and Gutierrez, J. R. and Hajek, E. R. and Lagos, J. A. and L{\'o}pez-Cortes, F. and Nu{\~n}ez, Lautaro and Rosello, E. F. and Santoro, C. and Samaniego, Horacio and Standen, V. G. and Torres-Mura, J. C. and Jaksic, Fabi{\'a}n M.}
}
